Learn your responsibilities from the Act as an employer, and what your employees’ rights are during COVID-19.
The rapid spread of COVID-19 has initiated an economic downturn and spurred a series of rapid responses from the government. There have been many proposals floated regarding employee policies during the public health emergency and employers are understandably confused.
President Trump signed a new law that will take effect on April 2 called the Families First Coronavirus Response Act. The economic stimulus measures and allowances that it makes will extend through Dec. 31, 2020. The Act is comprehensive and makes significant changes to previously existing rules regarding both the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and emergency paid sick leave.
The focus of the changes contained in the new law is on companies with fewer than 500 employees. There is already discussion of exemptions for smaller businesses employing fewer than 50 people whose viability may be threatened by these measures. Also, the measures covered in the Act are not pertinent to companies that employ 500 or more people. Action will likely follow with regard to companies of this size.
Emergency paid sick leave
If your company employs fewer than 500 employees, the revised Emergency Paid Sick Leave Act makes them eligible for paid sick leave regardless of how long you’ve employed them.
If an employee of a company that employs fewer than 500 employees is unable to work in person or to telecommute for any of the following reasons, they qualify for paid sick leave:
- If they are subject to federal, state, or local isolation or quarantine order related to COVID-19
- If a health care provider advises them that they should self-quarantine as a result of concerns related to COVID-19 (self-quarantining without advice does not qualify)
- If the employee Is seeking medical diagnosis as a result of having symptoms of COVID-19
- If the employee Is caring for somebody (not necessarily a family member) who is subject to a federal, state, or local isolation or quarantine due to COVID-19 or has been advised to self-quarantine by a health care provider as a result of COVID-19
- If the employee’s child’s school or care facility has been closed or is unavailable as a result of COVID-19 and the employee needs to care for the child
The Act also includes a provision that an employee qualifies if the employee is experiencing any other substantially similar condition specified by the Secretary of Health and Human Services in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Labor.
Defining the paid sick time benefit
The exact definition of what paid sick time comprises of is based on the number of hours that an individual employee works. For full-time employees, paid sick leave is 80 hours. Those who work part-time will be entitled to the same number of hours of paid sick leave that they would normally work during a two-week period. The Act provides a calculation method for those who work significantly different numbers of hours each week.
Employees who need paid sick leave for reasons number 1, 2 and 3 will be paid their sick leave benefit at the same rate that they are normally paid up to a maximum of $511 per day and a total of $5,110. Those who need paid sick leave based on reasons 4 and 5 will be paid their sick leave hours at a rate equal to two-thirds of their normal pay, with a maximum of $200 per day and a total of $2,000.
The Act makes the emergency paid sick time available as of April 2, and specifically prohibits employers from requiring employees to use other accrued paid leave before using the emergency leave. Any existing paid sick leave or paid time off is separate and apart from the leave provided by the Act and remains with the employee. Additionally, though employers may require reasonable notice of using the emergency paid sick leave, this notice is not required until after the first workday that is used. The employer is not permitted to make employees provide advance notice before the first day that they take paid sick leave under the emergency measures.
These new measures will be explained in a uniform notice that the Secretary of Labor is required to create and provide no later than March 25. Employers are required to post this notice in a way that all employees are able to see it.
The paid sick leave covered by this Act does not carry over into 2021. Similarly, once the qualifying need has passed and the employee returns to work, the paid sick time benefit ceases. Further clarification to help employers calculate leave benefits is coming, as there is a requirement for guidelines to be available from the Secretary of Labor no later than April 2.
What is already known is that employers will be able to apply for reimbursement of these emergency paid sick leave wages through Social Security tax credits.
Emergency expansion of Family Medical Leave Act
COVID-19 has created countless disruptions in American life, and one of the most significant has been the closure of schools and care facilities for children. Employees who have young children who need supervision and care have been torn between their parental responsibilities and the need to support their families. In response, the Families First Coronavirus Response Act includes the Emergency Family and Medical Leave Expansion Act (FMLA Expansion Act). It will enable eligible employees to access a federal source of paid leave.
In its original form, the Family and Medical Leave Act’s reach has been limited to those who work for employers who employ 50 or more people, and among that population, it is only accessible to those who have been with their employer for at least a year and have worked at least 1,250 hours in the previous 12 months. For those individuals, the Act provided unpaid leave under highly specific circumstances, including their own diagnosis with a serious health condition, to care for a newborn infant or adopted or foster child, or to care for a family member with a serious health condition.
The new Emergency Act expands those rules, changing the employer threshold to all that employ fewer than 500 employees and expanding who is covered to include all workers who have worked for these employers for a minimum of thirty days. As is true of the paid sick leave act, the Secretary of Labor will be able to take action to exempt organizations with fewer than 50 employees if their business’ viability is threatened by making this leave available. Additionally, certain health care providers and emergency responders may also be exempted.
Under the expanded FMLA Leave Act, employees of companies that employ fewer than 500 employees are able to take up to 12 weeks of leave if they can’t work (in person or via telework) because of their care responsibilities for a child or children under 18 years old whose school or care facility has been shuttered as a result of COVID-19.
The 12-week period will provide compensation after the first 10 unpaid days (though employees can use accrued paid sick or vacation time to provide payment for those 10 days). The compensation will be calculated at two thirds of the employee’s normal wages for the number of hours that they were regularly scheduled to work, maxing out at $200 per day and a total of $10,000. The program will become available on April 2, and though the Act specifies that if the need for leave is anticipated the employee should provide their employer with “such notice of leave as is practicable,” advance notice is not required.
Employees who work for companies that employ 25 or more employees and who fear that they will lose their job or position as a result of taking advantage of this emergency FMLA Act are entitled to return to the same or equivalent position once their leave is finished.
Smaller companies (with fewer than 25 employees) are also covered by this rule unless the position no longer exists as a result of changes in economic or operating conditions related to/resulting from COVID-19 and the public health emergency. Even under these circumstances, the emergency Family Medical Leave Act requires employers to do their best to put the employee into an equivalent position, and failing that to offer an equivalent position to the employee should one become available for at least one year.
What this means
We are in uncharted waters when it comes to COVID-19. Though we do not know what is going to happen, employers and employees can take some comfort in knowing that the Act passed by Congress and signed by the president is a strong measure that recognizes the real-world needs of both sides. States may provide their own additional benefits at some point, but what the federal government has done means that those with full-time jobs working for companies with less than 500 employees can have confidence that they will be paid both for up to 12 weeks of FMLA if their child’s school or care facility closes down as a result of COVID-19, with all but the first 10 days paid at their full rate (but no more than $200 per day and $10,000 in total).
It all adds up to a maximum of no more than $12,000, representing a significant cushion compared to what had previously been available. Similarly, full-time employees who can’t work as a result of the first three reasons that meet the Paid Sick Leave Act criteria can receive 80 hours of Federal Paid Sick Leave from their employer at either their full regular rate or a maximum of $511 per day and $5,110 in total. Employees are also permitted to use any paid sick leave, paid time off or paid vacation days that they have accrued, though they are not required to do so before taking advantage of the benefits of the federal emergency act.
The Emergency FMLA provisions will not be triggered by quarantine, although there may be traditional, unpaid FMLA leave rights available, as well as unemployment insurance.
Social Security payroll tax credit
Employers who provide Emergency Paid Sick Leave benefits and Emergency Child Care Leave benefits will be given refundable tax credits against their Social Security taxes that will refund them fully for qualified sick leave and childcare leave wages under the Act. A similar credit is available for self-employed individuals against their self-employment tax.
Procedure for claiming this credit
Under additional guidance that will be later released, eligible employers who pay qualifying sick or childcare leave will be able to retain an amount of the payroll taxes equal to the amount of qualifying sick and childcare leave that they paid, rather than deposit them with the IRS.
The payroll taxes that are available for retention include:
- Withheld federal income taxes
- Employee share of Social Security and Medicare taxes
- Employer share of Social Security and Medicare taxes with respect to all employees
Accelerated payment
If there are not sufficient payroll taxes to cover the cost of qualified sick and childcare leave paid, employers will be able file a request for an accelerated payment from the IRS. The IRS expects to process these requests in two weeks or less. The details of this new, expedited procedure are forthcoming.
Example: If an eligible employer paid $5,000 in sick leave and is otherwise required to deposit $8,000 in payroll taxes, including taxes withheld from all its employees, the employer could use up to $5,000 of the $8,000 of taxes it was going to deposit for making qualified leave payments. The employer would only be required under the law to deposit the remaining $3,000 on its next regular deposit date.
Example: If an eligible employer paid $10,000 in sick leave and was required to deposit $8,000 in taxes, the employer could use the entire $8,000 of taxes in order to make qualified leave payments and file a request for an accelerated credit for the remaining $2,000.
Self-employed individuals
Equivalent childcare leave and sick leave credit amounts are available to self-employed individuals under similar circumstances. These credits will be claimed on their income tax return and will reduce estimated tax payments.
Small business exemption
Small businesses with fewer than 50 employees will be eligible for an exemption from the leave requirements relating to school closings or childcare unavailability where the requirements would jeopardize the ability of the business to continue. The exemption will be available on the basis of simple and clear criteria that make it available in circumstances involving jeopardy to the viability of an employer's business as an ongoing concern. Labor will provide emergency guidance and rule making to clearly articulate this standard.
Non-enforcement period
The Labor Department will be issuing a temporary non-enforcement policy that provides a period of time for employers to come into compliance with the Act. Under this policy, Labor will not bring an enforcement action against any employer for violations of the Act so long as the employer has acted reasonably and in good faith to comply with the Act. Labor will instead focus on compliance assistance during the 30-day period.
The bottom line
COVID-19 has been difficult for employers and employees all across the country.
The Families First Coronavirus Response Act is meant to help people get the time off work they need to get tested, recover and quarantine if they’re impacted by COVID-19. This Act also revises and expands previous ones, like the Family Medical Leave Act. Employers need to know what their employees’ rights are — and what they need to be paid if they use qualified sick time.
Have any other questions about COVID-19 and your business? Visit our COVID-19 updates page.
